10 research outputs found
Phylogenetic analysis and designing new primers for molecular identification of Drosophila suzukii
The family Drosophilidae includes over 3750 species worldwide and over 2000 of these are species of Drosophila. Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii is one of the most dangerous species in this family. The insects live on undamaged ripening fruits, using its peculiar serrated ovipositor to break the skin of fresh ripening fruits and lay eggs in it. Drosophila species are very difficult and practically impossible to detect at larval stages. The present investigation was conducted at the All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center and Agrarian and Technological Institute of RUDN University, Moscow, Russia in 2018-2020. The aim of this study was to investigate the method of accurate and rapid identification of D. suzukii, and to design specific primer pairs for pest identification by Real-Time PCR method. The real-time quantitative PCR is a fast, sensitive, repeatable and accurate method for quantifying gene transcript levels. In this study, we designed specific primers (4.Dsuz.FRP) for Real-Time PCR to identify D. suzukii from other relative species. Although D. suzukii is absent in the Russian Federation and has not been reported so far, the project could be a precautionary measure.Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Drosophilidae Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 3750 Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Drosophila ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 2000 Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Drosophila suzukii ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π·ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Drosophila suzukii ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠ³ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² 2018-2020 Π³Π³. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ¦Π Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠ¦Π - ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ (4.Dsuz.FRP), ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ D. suzukii ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠ¦Π Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ D. suzukii Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ·Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Developing an accurate empirical correlation for predicting anti-cancer drugsβ dissolution in supercritical carbon dioxide
This study introduces a universal correlation based on the modified version of the Arrhenius equation to estimate the solubility of anti-cancer drugs in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). A combination of an Arrhenius-shape term and a departure function was proposed to estimate the solubility of anti-cancer drugs in supercritical CO2. This modified Arrhenius correlation predicts the solubility of anti-cancer drugs in supercritical CO2 from pressure, temperature, and carbon dioxide density. The pre-exponential of the Arrhenius linearly relates to the temperature and carbon dioxide density, and its exponential term is an inverse function of pressure. Moreover, the departure function linearly correlates with the natural logarithm of the ratio of carbon dioxide density to the temperature. The reliability of the proposed correlation is validated using all literature data for solubility of anti-cancer drugs in supercritical CO2. Furthermore, the predictive performance of the modified Arrhenius correlation is compared with ten available empirical correlations in the literature. Our developed correlation presents the absolute average relative deviation (AARD) of 9.54% for predicting 316 experimental measurements. On the other hand, the most accurate correlation in the literature presents the AARDβ=β14.90% over the same database. Indeed, 56.2% accuracy improvement in the solubility prediction of the anti-cancer drugs in supercritical CO2 is the primary outcome of the current study
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST TO DROSOPHILA SUZUKII AMONG THE SIX HOST PLANTS EXAMINED
D. suzukii is one of the most dangerous quarantine insects in the world. In this research, some of the important biological and reproductive characteristics of this fly including the average daily egg in two selective and non-selective tests, the length of larval and pupal periods, the percentage of hatching eggs, the percentage of total insect excretion and sex ratio on six different plant hosts persimmons, Clementine mandarin, Valencia oranges, Golden apple smoothie, Red apples, and pears (Mashhad) were measured in laboratory conditions. Among the studied hosts, pear contributed to the highest average egg density of 4.74 eggs per individual fly/day and a hatching percentage of (62.79%). Moreover, it exhibited a short duration of larval stages (4. 10 days) and pupation (7.76 days), the most favorable host for Drosophila suzukii was determined. In contrast, Valencia oranges were identified as the most undesirable host because of the low average egg density and egg hatching percentage (zero and 67.49%), respectively. Due to the high sensitivity of pear fruits to this pest, it is recommended to exercise prudence in the construction of new pear orchards, especially mixed with citrus
COMPARISON BETWEEN REAL-TIME PCR AND CONVENTIONAL PCR FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE DROSOPHILA SUZUKII
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is one of the most damaging for territory of Russian Federation and many countries and costly pests in recent history. Conventional control of this pest is challenging. In this study, we designed and tested a primer to specifically identify Drosophila suzukii. And the aim of this study is the comparison between real-time and PC classic. Finally came to the conclusion that the real-time quality and more quickly, but the classic lower cost
Real-Time PCR primer design for rapid and specific identification of the emerging pest Drosophila simulans (Insecta)
The invasive pest Drosophila simulans is a dangerous insect for territory of Russian Federation and many countries.A large proportion of suspected Drosophilade in transit or discovered in orchard surveys are in the larval stages, as their feeding leads to observable damage to the produce (13). A real-time PCR protocol was set up using two D. simulans positive control samples(from different DNA and region) as well as several non-target species samples as negative controls (Table 2). The designed primer pairs that amplify D. simulans were used in a real-time PCR run on a CFX96 Touch Real-time platform (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Optimization gradients of temperature (55-65Β°C). We developed and validated a rapid, highly sensitive and specific assay based on Real-time PCR. Based on DNA sequence polymorphisms, the findings of the Real-time PCR have shown that this pair of primers (5. ds) classify the exact region of the gene as well as the specific Drosophila simulans primer. The real-time method is a fastand accurate way to identify the molecular nature of a Drosophila simulans; and given that no primer has yet been developed that accurately identifies the Drosophila simulans, this primer can be very useful for researchers. We suggest using this guide in the Russian Federation and other countries in quarantine and in the other academic institutes.ΠΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Drosophila simulans-ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ», Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° (13). ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΠ¦Π Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½- ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² D. simulans (ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ². Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ D. simulans, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΠ¦Π -ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ CFX96 Touch Real-time(Bio Rad, Hercules, CA, Π‘Π¨Π). ΠΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΠ¦Π Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠ¦Π Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² (5. ds) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Ρ Drosophila simulans. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ-ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ; Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΡ Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ± ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½
ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Drosophila melanogaster ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
D. melanogaster is one of the most harmful citrus fruit flies having a large number of host plants. The molecular diagnostic method has been created for identification the D. melanogaster from another non-quarantine species Drosophila spp. The proposed method for differentiation is to use the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene region 709-bp. We amplified samples of DNA with primers Droso-S391 and Droso-A381 by D. melanogaster, D. suzukii, and D. Simulans collections in the laboratory samples from many countries and contrasted with sequences of other GenBank Drosophila taxa. The findings of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on DNA sequence polymorphisms showed that these primers accurately identify the area of the gene as well as the unique primers of Drosophila melanogaster.D. melanogaster - ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ D. melanogaster ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Drosophila spp. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π³Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·Ρ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ 1 ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ 709 ΠΏ. Π½. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Droso-S391 ΠΈ Droso-A381 Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΠΠ D. melanogaster, D. suzukii ΠΈ D. Simulans Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Drosophila ΠΈΠ· Π±Π°Π·Ρ GenBank. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠ¦Π ) Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π³Π΅Π½Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Drosophila melanogaster
ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ditylenchus destructor ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ
Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most vital food and industrial crop and Ditylenchus destructor is an influential pathogenic potato nematode and is quarantine pest in many states and territories. As a result, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was optimized to identify Ditylenchus destructor reliably and rapidly. The species-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was used as the primer of the D. destructor ribosomal DNA gene. Some populations of this species from the Moscow region in the Russian Federation were investigated through species-specific primer PCR. New sequence from ITS-rRNA was deposited in the GenBank under accession number MN122076. The current molecular technique is more appropriate to distinguishing of nematode species, since it is practical, fast and precise.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Solanum tuberosum L. - ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, Π° Ditylenchus destructor ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠ¦Π ), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡ Ditylenchus. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Ρ (ITS) ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π³Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Ditylenchus. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ¦Π . ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ITS-ΡΠ ΠΠ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² GenBank ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ MN122076. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter ΠΈ Pseudomonas Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΡΠ°Π½Π΅
Zea mays variety 704 (single cross) was studied to investigate effect of chemical fertilizers and growth-promoting bacteria on yield and yield components of corn ( Zea mays ). A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications at Tehran-Varamin Research Farm (Iran) in 2017. The treatments were as follows: inoculation of the seeds with growth promoters in four levels: Rhizobium , Azospirillum , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas ; Rhizobium , Azospirillum and Pseudomonas ; Rhizobium , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas ; Azospirillum , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and use of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers at four levels: no use, 1/3, 2/3, and 100 % recommended were applied. The results showed that the use of fertilizer was significant on the traits such as several leaves per plant, number of seeds per row, number of seeds per ear, plant height and forage yield at 1 % level. The results indicated that the highest forage yield of 33.78 t ha-1 was obtained from the interaction between the use of fertilizers and biological fertilizers, Rhizobium , Azospirillum , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas , which was 42 % higher than control.ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ·Ρ ( Zea mays ) ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° 704 (ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ) Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π² 2017 Π³. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π’Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
: Rhizobium , Azospirillum , Azotobacter ΠΈ Pseudomonas ; Rhizobium , Azospirillum ΠΈ Pseudomonas ; Rhizobium , Azotobacter ΠΈ Pseudomonas ; Azospirillum , Azotobacter ΠΈ Pseudomonas - Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
N ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
P ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
: Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, 1/3, 2/3 ΠΈ 100 % ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ Π² ΡΡΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ 1 %. ΠΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ 33,78 Ρ/Π³Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Rhizobium , Azospirillum , Azotobacter ΠΈ Pseudomonas , ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° 42 % Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅